History of Spices 03 - Cloves

Clove is a popular spice globally and is native to Malakka Islands, Indonesia. It is an evergreen that grows to about 8 - 12 meters. The clove spice is the flower bud of the clove tree. And this flower buds 14% to 20% of essential oil  consists of eugenol. (This eugenol makes cloves very pungent.)


Oldest Records

Considering the oldest records in history, in 200 B.C.E. Chinese people (in the era of the Han - dynasty) held cloves in their mouths as a custom(as a breath freshener) when making audiences with the emperor. It was called the name hi-sho-hiang ("bird's tongue") . Clove was mentioned in the ancient Indian texts (800 AD) and was associated with the Hindu goddess Laksmi and also known as the "divine flower" In late middle ages clove was used in Europe to preserve, flavor and garnish food.

Considering about history of cloves in Sri Lanka (former Ceylon) a collaborative research team discovered some cloves in Mantai, Sri Lanka dating back to 900 - 1100 AD. Considering the history of Sri Lankan cloves, believeThere are beliefs  that Arab traders or colonial rulers could be the people who first introduced clove cultivation to Sri Lanka.

History of Clove Cultivation 

 
In the 16th - 17th centuries  first clove tree was planted during the spice trade wars by the Dutch people. During that time to create scarcity and to sustain high prices, the Dutch East India Company eradicated cloves on all islands of Indonesia except Amboina and Ternate.

In 2020 Indonesia was the world's largest producer of cloves (72.9%) followed by Madagascar, Tanzania, and Sri Lanka.

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Read more ...

https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/global-clove-market

https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2018/dec/earliest-discovery-clove-and-pepper-ancient-south-asia

https://www.dea.gov.lk/clove/